10/20/09

Istanbul Abadikan Banyak Peninggalan Tamadun Dunia

KEHEBATAN Istanbul sebagai salah sebuah bandar raya dunia bermula 200 tahun sebelum kelahiran Nabi Muhammad SAW lagi.

Istanbul, kotanya berdiri di dua benua antara Asia dan Eropah kini menjadi kota metropolis kebanggaan Turki kerana sejarahnya yang lahir daripada tamadun bangsa silih berganti.

Kesan peninggalan tamadun seawal alaf ketiga Sebelum Masihi dari bangsa Assyrian hingga ke zaman Byzantine boleh ditemui di laluan sutera Anatolia, penyambung Barat dan Iimur dunia.

Pada muara Selat Dardanelles pernah muncul kota Troy yang terkenal dengan peristiwa kuda trojan 3,600 tahun Sebelum Masihi.

Selat yang sentiasa sibuk dengan kapal perang yang sebahagiannya terkubur di dasar Dardanelles pernah diseberangi orang Parsi, bala tentera pimpinan Alexander the Great, orang Rom, Byzantine dan Arab.

Kejayaan pasukan Gazi Sulaiman Pasa menyeberangi Selat Dardanelles pada 1354 dari Asia dan menawan kota Byzantine di Callipolis dicatatkan sejarah sebagai kejayaan pertama Uthmaniyah di Eropah.

Malah laut dan pantai di selat itu menjadi saksi pertempuran yang berlarutan selama sembilan bulan dari April 1915 hingga awal 1916 antara tentera bersekutu yang dipimpin Sir Winston Churchill dengan kerajaan Uthmaniyah.

Perang Cannakale di Semenanjung Gallipoli itu menyaksikan kegagalan kuasa Barat mencapai objektif mereka, kononnya mahu mengekang ancaman terhadap negara sekutu di Balkan.

Ternyata persenjataan lengkap, teknik dan taktik perang semata-mata tidak memadai untuk pihak bersekutu mara dan mencapai objektif mereka, sebaliknya menyaksikan setengah juta nyawa tentera bersekutu menjadi taruhan di Gallipoli.

Pasukan bersekutu yang dianggotai Australia, Britain, Perancis, India dan New Zealand yang mendarat di pantai barat semenanjung ini tidak menjangka mereka akan berkubur di wilayah asing itu.

Tentera Turki sememangnya telah bersedia menggadaikan darah dan nyawa apabila tentera bersekutu British dan Perancis mula mendarat di hujung Semenanjung Gallipoli, sementara Australia dan New Zealand mendarat di Anzac Cove.

Pendaratan kedua pasukan bersekutu hampir empat bulan kemudiannya pada 7 Ogos 1915 di Teluk Suvla juga tidak membawa mereka untuk mara lebih jauh, tetapi melihat penambahan jumlah korban di kedua-dua belah pihak.

Dalam serangan awal tentera bersekutu di Anzac Cove, 10,000 anggota Turki cedera manakala dianggarkan 3,000 yang lain terkorban.

Berkat keberanian dan semangat juang anak Turki mempertahankan Semenanjung Gallipoli, menjelang 1916 atau selepas sembilan bulan bertempur, pasukan bersekutu akhirnya berundur dari wilayah Turki.

Selain kisah Perang Dunia Pertamanya, cerita perang zaman purba yang berlaku 3,600 tahun Sebelum Masihi turut menarik pelancong untuk melihat kuda kayu di Truva atau Troia, taman sejarah negara.

Mengikut sejarah kuda trojan, kuda kayu yang ditinggalkan tentera Sparta diheret masuk ke dalam kota untuk dipersembahkan kepada Dewi Athena, sekalipun sudah diberi amaran ia mungkin suatu tipu muslihat orang Greek.

Menjelang dinihari, perajurit Sparta yang bersembunyi di dalam kuda kayu keluar menyerang penghuni kota yang nyenyak tidur, serta membakar rumah dalam kota Troia.

Perang Trojan meletus apabila Paris, putera Raja Troia melarikan permaisuri Raja Spartan, Helen.

Selama 10 tahun Raja Spartan mencuba merampas kembali permaisurinya tetapi gagal hinggalah muslihat kuda trojan digunakan.

Kisah kuda trojan dan perang Cannakale hanya pengajaran bahawa musuh sentiasa mencari helah mengabui mata kasar yang lalai dan bersedia memecah masuk ke kubu yang lemah.

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